{"id":267506,"date":"2023-03-14T10:29:07","date_gmt":"2023-03-14T10:29:07","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/acikgazete.com\/?p=267506"},"modified":"2023-03-14T10:29:07","modified_gmt":"2023-03-14T10:29:07","slug":"avrupa-mucizesi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/acikgazete.com\/avrupa-mucizesi\/","title":{"rendered":"Avrupa mucizesi"},"content":{"rendered":"

\u201c<\/span>Avrupa mucizesi, mucizenin s\u00f6zc\u00fcleri taraf\u0131ndan t\u00fcm d\u00fcnyaya y\u00f6nelik bir s\u00fcre\u00e7 olarak genelle\u015ftirilir: bundan ders alma durumunda olanlar\u0131n yapmas\u0131 gereken tek \u015feyin, Avrupa deneyiminden do\u011fru ve gerekli dersleri \u00e7\u0131karmak oldu\u011fu telkin edilir. En yal\u0131n haliyle al\u0131nacak dersler \u015funlard\u0131r: \u00dcretim fakt\u00f6rlerini, emek ve sermayeyi t\u00fcm yasal s\u0131n\u0131rlamalardan \u00f6zg\u00fcrle\u015ftirerek istihdam alanlar\u0131nda serbest kullan\u0131ma a\u00e7mak, ekonomiyi rekabete a\u00e7\u0131p k\u00e2r pe\u015finde ko\u015fan m\u00fcte\u015febbisleri te\u015fvik etmek, \u00f6zel m\u00fclkiyet hakk\u0131n\u0131 mal varl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n temel koruma sistemi olarak sistemle\u015ftirmek ve bu haklar\u0131 yasal d\u00fczenlemelerle g\u00fcvenceye almakt\u0131r. Devlet, zaman zaman kurallar\u0131 yeniden tanzim eden ve denetleyen bir organ olarak tan\u0131mlanmal\u0131d\u0131r. B\u00f6yle bir ortamda ekonomik sistem herkesin yararlanabilece\u011fi \u015fekilde geli\u015fir, sa\u011fl\u0131kl\u0131 beslenme ve g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc e\u011fitim ve sair \u00fcr\u00fcnlere olan talep olu\u015fur ve t\u00fcm insanl\u0131\u011fa olumlu be\u015feri kalk\u0131nma temeli sa\u011flan\u0131r. B\u00f6ylece ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7ta olu\u015facak olumlu be\u015feri sermaye temeli ekonomik kalk\u0131nmay\u0131 h\u0131zland\u0131rarak ileri a\u015famalara ta\u015f\u0131r. Bu kitap, b\u00f6ylesi be\u015feriyetin d\u00fczensiz piyasa s\u00fcrecine terkedilmesi gerekti\u011fi \u015feklinde yanl\u0131\u015f ve feti\u015fle\u015ftirilmi\u015f g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fe kar\u015f\u0131d\u0131r ve g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc sermaye \u00e7evrelerinde savunulan ve g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc sava\u015f teknikleriyle desteklenen g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fc reddeder.<\/span><\/i><\/p>\n

Mucize Avrupa hik\u00e2yesi, insanl\u0131k tarihinin b\u00fcy\u00fck bir k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131n ihmal edildi\u011fi, serbest piyasa sisteminin Avrupa medeniyetini harekete ge\u00e7irerek d\u00fcnyan\u0131n di\u011fer b\u00f6lgelerini istila etti\u011fi a\u00e7\u0131klanmadan temel b\u00f6lgelerde in\u015fa edilmi\u015ftir. Bu hik\u00e2ye, Avrupa\u2019n\u0131n silahl\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7leriyle d\u00fcnyan\u0131n muhtelif b\u00f6lgelerini i\u015fgal ederek, k\u00fcresel ekonomik g\u00fc\u00e7 ve politik h\u00e2kimiyet kurdu\u011fu ger\u00e7e\u011fini ihmal eder. Analizim, salt d\u00fcnya insanl\u0131k tarihini Avrupa merkezli tarih\u00e7ilerin tahkir edici ifadelerinden kurtarmak olmay\u0131p, ayn\u0131 zamanda serbest piyasa ve \u00f6zel m\u00fclkiyet sisteminin kapitalizmin farkl\u0131 a\u015famalar\u0131nda d\u00fcnyan\u0131n farkl\u0131 b\u00f6lgelerindeki etkisinin ger\u00e7ek boyutunu sergilemektir.<\/span><\/i>\u201d (Amiya Kumar Bagchi, Perilous Passage, 2005, Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc.)<\/span><\/p>\n

Bug\u00fcnk\u00fc yaz\u0131ya terc\u00fcme bir pasajla ba\u015flad\u0131m. Neden mi? Bu sorunun yan\u0131t\u0131, bizzat pasajda gizlidir. De\u011ferli yolda\u015flar, bazen d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcyorum da, tam da <\/span>Amiya Kumar Bacchi<\/span><\/i>\u2019nin dedi\u011fi gibi, <\/span>Mucize Avrupa Hik\u00e2yesi<\/span><\/i>, beynimize ve bilincimize sokulan bir mucize hik\u00e2yeden de \u00f6te, d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmeden alg\u0131lama ve \u00f6\u011frenmeden uygulama davran\u0131\u015f\u0131m\u0131zla hepimizi maymuna (maymundan \u00f6z\u00fcr dileyerek!) \u00e7evirmi\u015f. Mesele \u015fu: bilgi de bir t\u00fcr teknolojidir. Teknoloji bir merkezden denetimli olarak aktar\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi, bilgi de belirli merkezlerden denetimli olarak \u00fcretiliyor ve aktar\u0131m kanallar\u0131na iletiliyor. Zaman\u0131n ruhu ya da zaman\u0131n g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fc dedi\u011fimiz \u015fey, asl\u0131nda ba\u015fat grubun ruhu, fikri ya da g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcd\u00fcr. Moda, piyasalar\u0131 canl\u0131 tutabilmek i\u00e7in insanlar\u0131 maymunla\u015ft\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi, bilim g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcs\u00fcndeki baz\u0131 ba\u015fat fikirler de insanlar\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmeden verileni uygulama y\u00f6n\u00fcnde maymunla\u015ft\u0131rmaktad\u0131r. Peki, insanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 maymunla\u015ft\u0131rmadaki ama\u00e7 nedir? Gayet a\u00e7\u0131k de\u011fil mi: Ama\u00e7, insanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 denetleyerek ve y\u00f6neterek genel politikay\u0131 ve ekonomiyi g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc \u00e7\u0131kar \u00e7evreleri lehine d\u00fczenlemek ve s\u00fcrd\u00fcrmektir. \u0130\u015fte bundan dolay\u0131d\u0131r ki, e\u011fitim kurumlar\u0131, hele de y\u00fcksek e\u011fitim kurumlar\u0131 sistemin \u00fcst-yap\u0131 kurumlar\u0131d\u0131r, yani sistemin sahipleri konumundaki g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc ba\u015fat gruplar\u0131n\u0131n fikirlerinin i\u015flendi\u011fi ve gen\u00e7lerin beyinlerine zerk edildi\u011fi polis-noktalar\u0131d\u0131r.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Bunlar\u0131 ortaya koyduktan sonra \u015fimdi de bir \u00f6rnekle ne demek istedi\u011fimi a\u00e7\u0131klamaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fay\u0131m. 1980\u2019lerden beri neoliberalizm, Washington Uzla\u015fmas\u0131 ya da benzer kavramlar ku\u015fe k\u00e2\u011f\u0131tlara bas\u0131l\u0131 g\u00f6steri\u015fli kitaplarda bilimsel hakikatler olarak bizlere aktar\u0131ld\u0131. Bizler de \u00fcniversitelerimizde bunlar\u0131 kitaplar\u0131m\u0131za aktard\u0131k, \u00f6\u011frencilerimize anlatt\u0131k, hatta ara vizeleri ve d\u00f6nem sonu s\u0131navlar\u0131yla \u00f6\u011frencilerimize h\u0131fzettirdik. Evet, bir yanl\u0131\u015f yok: merkezden aktar\u0131lan bilgiler, ifadeler ve kavramlar\u0131 bize aktar\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u015fekilde biz de topluma aktarmaya gayret ettik. Ne diyeyim ki, topluma kar\u015f\u0131 yapm\u0131\u015f oldu\u011fumuz bu yanl\u0131\u015ftan dolay\u0131 acaba \u00e7a\u011f\u0131n siyasi modas\u0131na uyarak toplumdan hel\u00e2llik mi talep etsek! Neden hel\u00e2llik talebi? \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc toplumun d\u00fc\u015fman\u0131n\u0131 hoca s\u0131fat\u0131m\u0131zla topluma dost olarak tan\u0131tt\u0131k. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc k\u00fcreselle\u015fmeyi, teknoloji, istihdam ve cari a\u00e7\u0131k konular\u0131nda olumlu sonu\u00e7lar getirecek diye tan\u0131tt\u0131k. Ama bunlar\u0131n hi\u00e7biri olmad\u0131. Olmad\u0131 da, toplumdan \u00f6z\u00fcr diledik mi? Dilemedik!\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u015eimdi t\u00fcm hik\u00e2yeyi en ciddi g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcs\u00fc ile ele alal\u0131m. Avrupa\u2019da Marx hayali korku salarken, \u0130kinci Payla\u015f\u0131m Sava\u015f\u0131 ertesinde Keynes teorik temeline oturtulan sosyal devlet politikalar\u0131 ba\u015fat oldu. B\u00f6ylece 1950\u2019lerden yakla\u015f\u0131k 1970\u2019lerin ortalar\u0131na kadar ya\u015fanan alt\u0131n \u00e7a\u011f sonlan\u0131yordu. 1970\u2019lerin ortalar\u0131ndan itibaren geli\u015ftirilen finansal s\u00fcre\u00e7 de reel kesimdeki krizi 2008 y\u0131l\u0131na kadar s\u00fcr\u00fckleyerek, son kertede patlad\u0131 ve \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc kapitalist krize girip, halen i\u00e7inde s\u00fcr\u00fckleniyoruz.<\/span><\/p>\n

Finansalla\u015fma ile devreye giren k\u00fcresell\u015feme nedir ve bizler nas\u0131l kand\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131k? \u00dcretim ara\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n, \u00f6zellikle de maddi sermayenin Washington Uzla\u015fmas\u0131 kurallar\u0131yla t\u00fcm yerk\u00fcreye yay\u0131lmas\u0131 k\u00fcresell\u015feme olarak tan\u0131mlanabilir. Bunda en ufak bir ku\u015fku, ya da kavram se\u00e7iminde bir perdeleme yoktur. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc tan\u0131mlama sermayenin hareketleri \u00fczerinden totolojik olarak yap\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Bu s\u00fcreci ama\u00e7 a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan sorgularsak, yani sermaye ni\u00e7in ilk kurulu\u015f yerinden, hatta g\u00fcvenle ba\u011fl\u0131 oldu\u011fu ulus devlet alan\u0131ndan g\u00f6rece g\u00fcvensiz farkl\u0131 alanlara y\u00f6nelmektedir? Yan\u0131t a\u00e7\u0131kt\u0131r: daha elveri\u015fli alanlarda katma de\u011fer yaratarak, yarat\u0131lan de\u011ferleri finansal yollarla merkeze aktarmakt\u0131r. Bu s\u00fcrecin anlam\u0131 \u015fu ki, ekonomilerin dikey dizildi\u011fi g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz ko\u015fullar\u0131nda, \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn toplam de\u011ferinin b\u00fcy\u00fck bir k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015fturan teknoloji merkezde geli\u015ftirilip, \u00fcretimi \u00e7evrede yap\u0131larak, yarat\u0131lan katma de\u011fer finansal yollarla merkeze aktar\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Bu kez s\u00fcreci sermayenin g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcs\u00fcyle de\u011fil de, servet hareketleriyle tan\u0131mlarsak, k\u00fcreselle\u015fme ile de\u011fil merkezile\u015fme ile kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131ya kal\u0131r\u0131z. Di\u011fer bir deyi\u015fle s\u00fcreci, merkez \u00fclke akademisyenleri sermaye hareketleri ile k\u00fcresell\u015feme olarak anlat\u0131rken, \u00e7evre \u00fclke akademisyenleri bu s\u00fcreci haklar\u0131na merkezile\u015fme olarak aktarmak ve anlatmak durumundad\u0131r. Zira merkez ekonomiler \u00e7evreye sermaye g\u00f6nderiyor ve merkeze servet \u00e7ekiyor, \u00e7evre ekonomiler ise merkezden sermaye \u00e7ekiyor ve merkeze servet g\u00f6nderiyor. Bu s\u00fcre\u00e7 \u00e7evre ekonomilerin de\u011fil, merkez ekonomilerin lehinedir. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla, \u00e7evre ekonomilerin akademisyenleri s\u00fcreci kendi \u00fclkelerinin \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131na g\u00f6re anlatmak durumunda olmal\u0131d\u0131r.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Burada durmak da i\u015fi eksik b\u0131rakmak demektir. \u015e\u00f6yle ki, bu s\u00fcreci safiyane \u015fekilde ekonominin dinamikleri ile a\u00e7\u0131klamak yerine, ekonomiye b\u00fcr\u00fcnm\u00fc\u015f siyasi s\u00fcre\u00e7 olarak g\u00f6rmek gerekir. Hi\u00e7 \u00e7ekinmeden ortaya koyal\u0131m: Acaba, \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc payla\u015f\u0131m sava\u015f\u0131 m\u0131 ya\u015fanmaktad\u0131r? Sava\u015falar ekonomik ama\u00e7l\u0131 silahl\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7 m\u00fccadelesidir. E\u011fer bir kayna\u011fa ula\u015fmada silahl\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7 kullan\u0131l\u0131yorsa, g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde kayna\u011fa ula\u015fman\u0131n yollar\u0131 farkl\u0131la\u015fm\u0131\u015fsa, ni\u00e7in maliyetsiz ve \u00f6rt\u00fcl\u00fc m\u00fccadele, maliyetli ve a\u00e7\u0131k m\u00fccadeleye tercih edilmesin ki? \u00c7a\u011f\u0131n stratejisi teknoloji \u00fcretimini merkezde konu\u015fland\u0131rmak, katma de\u011fer \u00fcretimini elveri\u015fli ko\u015fullarla \u00e7evreye yaymak ve yarat\u0131lan de\u011feri finansal yollarla merkezde toplamak \u015feklinde tan\u0131mlan\u0131rsa, k\u00fcresell\u015feme ni\u00e7in uygun bir s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fc ve merkezi ayakta tutma arac\u0131 olmas\u0131n ki!\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Salt okumak ve \u00f6\u011frenmek de\u011ferlidir, ama ko\u015fullu olarak. As\u0131l de\u011ferli olan ele\u015ftirel okumak ve aktar\u0131lan\u0131n perde arkas\u0131n\u0131 alg\u0131lamakt\u0131r. \u00c7evresel konumlu \u00fclkeler akademisyenlerinin toplumuna kar\u015f\u0131 rol\u00fc ve g\u00f6revi merkez \u00fclkeler akademisyenlerinden farkl\u0131d\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0130kinci y\u00fczy\u0131l projesinde \u00f6rt\u00fcl\u00fc \u015fekilde Avrupa mucizesi hayali var gibi geldi bana. Avrupa gibi olmay\u0131 arzulamak anla\u015f\u0131labilir. Fakat bilinmelidir ki, <\/span>Ha-Joon Chang<\/span><\/i>\u2019\u0131n da net \u015fekilde ortaya koydu\u011fu gibi, Avrupa bu merhaleye hemen hemen t\u00fcm d\u00fcnyay\u0131 s\u00f6m\u00fcrerek ula\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz\u00fcn azg\u0131nla\u015fm\u0131\u015f kapitalist-emperyalist havuzunda T\u00fcrkiye gibi \u00e7evresel konumlu bir ekonominin Bat\u0131 kurallar\u0131yla kalk\u0131nmas\u0131 olanakl\u0131 olabilir mi? Projede g\u00f6z k\u0131rpan ve ilk bak\u0131\u015fta sosyal y\u00f6n\u00fcyle olumlu gibi g\u00f6z\u00fcken baz\u0131 eklektik \u00f6nerilerin sabun k\u00f6p\u00fc\u011f\u00fc gibi s\u00f6nece\u011fi de g\u00fcn gibi a\u00e7\u0131kt\u0131r, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc kalk\u0131nmakta olan bir ekonomide hem sermaye birikimine hem de sosyal alana bol keseden kaynak aktarmak olanakl\u0131 de\u011fildir. O nedenle bu sorunun \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm\u00fc kapitalizmde de\u011fil, sosyalizmdedir.\u00a0 Di\u011fer yandan da, ekonomik kalk\u0131nma ve b\u00fcy\u00fcme modeli olarak ne bir teknoloji alan\u0131 se\u00e7imi\/tercihi ne de artan n\u00fcfus ve i\u015fsizlik kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda teknoloji yo\u011fun ve emek yo\u011fun \u00fcretim modelleri aras\u0131nda bir uyum aray\u0131\u015f\u0131 vard\u0131r. Son yirmi y\u0131lda sanayisizle\u015ftirilen ekonomide birincil ve nihai \u00fcretim a\u015famalar\u0131n\u0131n ne \u015fekilde olu\u015fturulup geli\u015ftirilece\u011fi konusu da belirsizdir. Ayn\u0131 \u015fekilde, k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck sanayi ile b\u00fcy\u00fck sanayi aras\u0131ndaki ili\u015fkinin nas\u0131l kurulaca\u011f\u0131 ve\/veya ge\u00e7i\u015flerin nas\u0131l yap\u0131laca\u011f\u0131 hakk\u0131nda hi\u00e7bir a\u00e7\u0131klaman\u0131n bulunmamas\u0131 ilerisi hakk\u0131ndaki d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncelerimizi mu\u011flakla\u015ft\u0131rmaktad\u0131r. K\u0131sacas\u0131 se\u00e7ilen model kapitalist modeldir. T\u00fcrkiye bu modelin, planlama, korumac\u0131, finansalla\u015fma ve k\u00fcreselle\u015fmeye a\u00e7\u0131k olmak \u00fczere hemen hemen t\u00fcm fazlar\u0131n\u0131 denedi ve sonucu h\u00fcsranla ya\u015fad\u0131-g\u00f6rd\u00fc. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc bu modellerin hi\u00e7bir \u00fclkemize uygun olmayan, k\u00fcresel emperyalizmin bizim i\u00e7in bi\u00e7ti\u011fi modeller idi. T\u00fcrkiye daha insanc\u0131l, borsa oyunlar\u0131yla soyulmayan, giderek teknoloji oran\u0131 y\u00fcksek alanlara y\u00f6nelici ekonomik modellere, tar\u0131mda kendine yeterli \u00fcretimi sa\u011flay\u0131c\u0131 programlara, e\u011fitimde ise teknoloji \u00fcretimi yapabilecek beyinler yeti\u015ftirici temel bilimler alanlar\u0131na y\u00f6nelmesi \u015fimdilik say\u0131labilecek konulard\u0131r. B\u00fct\u00fcn bunlar\u0131 toplayacak kapsaml\u0131 bir planlama kapitalist mant\u0131kla ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilemez.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/span><\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u201cAvrupa mucizesi, mucizenin s\u00f6zc\u00fcleri taraf\u0131ndan t\u00fcm d\u00fcnyaya y\u00f6nelik bir s\u00fcre\u00e7 olarak genelle\u015ftirilir: bundan ders alma durumunda olanlar\u0131n yapmas\u0131 gereken tek \u015feyin, Avrupa deneyiminden do\u011fru ve gerekli dersleri \u00e7\u0131karmak oldu\u011fu telkin edilir. En yal\u0131n haliyle al\u0131nacak dersler \u015funlard\u0131r: \u00dcretim fakt\u00f6rlerini, emek ve sermayeyi t\u00fcm yasal s\u0131n\u0131rlamalardan \u00f6zg\u00fcrle\u015ftirerek istihdam alanlar\u0131nda serbest kullan\u0131ma a\u00e7mak, ekonomiyi rekabete a\u00e7\u0131p k\u00e2r […]<\/p>\n

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